World War 1 - A Short Timeline of 1915

World War 1 - A Short Timeline of 1915 Germany now plotted a change of tactic, fighting defensively in the West and trying to defeat Russia in the east quickly by attacking, while the Allies aimed to break through on their respective fronts. Meanwhile, Serbia came under increased pressure and Britain planned to attack Turkey. January 8: Germany forms a southern army to support the faltering Austrians. Germany would have to send ever more troops to prop up what became a puppet regime. January 19: First German Zeppelin raid on British mainland. January 31: The first use of poison gas in WW1, by Germany at Bolimow in Poland. This ushers in a terrible new era in warfare, and soon the allied nations join in with their own gas. February 4: Germany declares submarine blockade of Britain, with all approaching ships considered targets. This is the start of Unrestricted Submarine Warfare. When this is restarted later in the war it causes Germany to lose. February 7 - 21: Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes, no gains. (EF) March 11: The Reprisals Order, in which Britain banned all neutral parties from trading with Germany. As Germany was suffering a naval blockade by Britain this became a serious issue. The US was supposedly neutral, but couldnt get supplies to Germany if it had wanted to. (It didnt.) March 11 - 13 : Battle of Neuve-Chapelle. (WF) March 18: Allied ships attempt to bombard areas of the Dardanelles, but their failure causes the development of an invasion plan. April 22 - May 25: Second Battle of Ypres (WF); BEF casualties are triple those of Germans. April 25: The Allied ground assault begins in Gallipoli. (SF) The plan has been rushed, the equipment is poor, commanders who would later prove themselves act badly. It is a colossal mistake. April 26: The Treaty of London is signed, in which Italy joins the Entente. They have a secret agreement which gives them land in a victory. April 22: Poison Gas is first used on the Western Front, in a German attack on Canadian troops at Ypres. May 2-13: Battle of Gorlice-Tarnow, in which the Germans push Russia back. May 7: The Lusitania is sunk by a German submarine; casualties include 124 Americans passengers. This inflames US opinion against Germany and submarine warfare. June 23 - July 8: First Battle of Isonzo, an Italian offensive against fortified Austrian positi ons along a 50-mile front. Italy makes ten more attacks between 1915 and 1917 in the same place (The Second - Eleventh Battles of Isonzo) for no real gains. (IF) July 13-15: The German Triple Offensive begins, aiming to destroy the Russian army. July 22: The Great Retreat (2) is ordered - Russian forces pull back out of Poland (currently part of Russia), taking machinery and equipment with them. September 1: After American outrage, Germany officially stops sinking passenger vessels without warning. September 5: Tsar Nicholas II makes himself Russian Commander-in-Chief. This directly leads to him being blamed for failure and the collapse of the Russian monarchy. September 12: After the failure of the Austrian Black Yellow offensive (EF), Germany takes over ultimate control of Austro-Hungarian forces. September 21 - November 6: Allied offensive leads to Battles of Champagne, Second Artois and Loos; no gains. (WF) November 23: German, Austro-Hungarian and Bulgarian forces push the Serbian army into exile; Serbia falls. December 10: The Allies begin slowly withdrawing from Gallipoli; they complete by January 9 1916. The landing has been a total failure, costing a huge number of lives. December 18: Douglas Haig appointed British Commander-in-Chief; he replaces John French. December 20th: In The Falkenhayn Memorandum, the Central Powers propose to bleed the French White through a war of attrition. The key is using Verdun Fortress as a French meat grinder. Despite attacking on the Western Front, Britain and France make few gains; they also incur hundreds of thousands more casualties than their enemy. The Gallipoli landings also fail, causing the resignation of a certain Winston Churchill from British government. Meanwhile, the Central Powers achieve what looks like success in the East, pushing the Russians back into Belorussia...but this had happened before - against Napoleon - and would happen again, against Hitler. Russias manpower, manufacturing and army remained strong, but casualties had been huge. Next page 1916 Page 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

The Recession-Proof Beauty of Healthcare Jobs

The Recession-Proof Beauty of Healthcare Jobs In a recent Time magazine article that highlighted â€Å"The 5 Best Jobs You’ve Never Heard Of,† a remarkable four out of five were linked to the healthcare industry. In fact, healthcare jobs remain plentiful - even in the face of economic uncertainty. Let’s take a closer look at this phenomenon, along with which positions can expect to see particularly noteworthy growth in the years ahead. The State of HealthcareAccording to the most recent â€Å"Employment Situation Summary† from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, healthcare continued its juggernaut of job growth, adding 22,000 jobs in March 2015 alone. This brought the 12-month total to an additional 363,000, with ambulatory healthcare services and hospitals making particularly strong showings.A number of factors have contributed to this growth, including rising demand, retiring workers, and the ever-growing advancement of science and medicine requiring skilled technologists.No discussion of the chan ging face of healthcare is complete without acknowledging the massive impact of the aging Baby Boomer generation. Approximately 10,000 Baby Boomers turn 65 every day, and will continue to do so for the next 14 years. By 2030, meanwhile, nearly 20 percent of the U.S. population will be of retirement age.Not only does this represent a massive outflux of workers from healthcare positions, but it also constitutes a significant burden: the typical American over the age of 65 suffers from a number of chronic conditions, including hypertension, diabetes, heart disease and cancer. Research further indicates that just five years from now, 5.6 million new healthcare jobs will exist in everything from pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing to nursing, community, and home healthcare facilities and services.Add in the increased number of insured Americans due to healthcare reform, and the need for more healthcare professionals becomes even more critical.Where the Jobs AreAccording to the Bure au of Labor Statistics â€Å"Job Outlook† breakdown, the average anticipated growth rate for all occupations between 2012 and 2022 is 11 percent. U.S. News and World Report highlighted the top health care positions by Job Outlook,  including the following:Personal Care Aide: 48.8 percentHome Health Aide: 48.5 percentDiagnostic Medical Sonographer: 46 percentOccupational Therapy Assistant: 42.6 percentPhysical Therapist Assistant: 41 percentEsthetician: 39.8 percentPhysician Assistant: 38.4 percentMedical Secretary: 36 percentPhysical Therapist: 36 percentNurse Practitioner: 33.7 percentIn addition to these positions, emotional health professionals, including substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselors and marriage and family therapists, are also expected to see significant gains in job openings due to declines in stigmas which previously prevented people from seeking help.Other healthcare jobs which will continue to be in demand include dentists, dental hygienists, p hysicians, pharmacists, medical equipment repairers, dieticians and nutritionists, radiologic technologists, epidemiologists, and opticians.If a challenging career which allows you to help people while also experiencing unprecedented job security sounds like a good fit to you, there are plenty of healthcare positions to choose from.

Renting Is Better than Buying Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Renting Is Better than Buying - Essay Example Renting an apartment remains quite economical as compared to buying one. With the passage of time, renting proves to be cheaper than buying an apartment. It is always advisable to make a cost-benefit analysis while deciding whether to buy or rent a home (Vij). Where renting a house costs an individual as much as $500 on the average, the same house may cost an individual between $1000 and $2000 per month in the form of mortgage that further gets factored to accommodate tax and insurance. Also, in the recent years, â€Å"rents have barely budged while house prices in New York, Washington, Los Angeles and elsewhere have doubled, renting has become a surprisingly smart option for many people who never would have considered it before† (Leonhardt). Whenever an individual has enough money to invest, it is advisable to estimate the difference of the mortgage payment and the rent, and invest that sum into the stock market. Benefits of renting: Acquiring the loan for constructing a house is quite a lengthy and tiresome process. An individual is supposed to possess excellent credit and a considerable sum for making down payment. Good interest rate cannot be gained without a good investment sum. Buying a home requires an individual to owe the lender money for many years that follow. Renting the house provides the individual with the leverage to pay as long as he/she lives in it, and later decide as per convenience. When an individual owns a home, he/she essentially becomes responsible for all matters that concern the accommodation’s maintenance and appropriate functionality. ... When the sewer line in house damages, it is the owner’s responsibility to fix it and bear all expenses. The plumber may need to dig up the earth in order to change the existing pipe or lay out a new one. Such activities consume a lot of money, which the owners have to pay. In comparison to that, people living on rent do not have to bear the additional expenses of maintenance and fixation. If something becomes faulty in a rented apartment, the renter makes a call to the owner to get that fixed, without having to pay for the job. Likewise, a person on rent does not have to pay for the maintenance of lawn or other areas of the house. The renter only has to compensate for the damages that have been caused by him/her. Renting a house does not require the renter to have insurance because of lack of ownership. All a renter is required to have at maximum is the â€Å"renter insurance† as it makes it cheaper for the renter. Taking all these factors into consideration, a working class employed person enjoys far more benefits in renting as compared to buying a house. An analysis in light of economic recession: In the contemporary age of economic recession, a lot of owners are selling their homes in order to meet their daily living expenses. The widespread economic recession has caused a lot of business entrepreneurs to downsize their workforce in order to minimize the overhead charges and maximize the profits. Renting proves to be the most convenient and flexible option for such employees, whose jobs are endangered and who can be fired any time by their employers. Such people want the facility to shift anywhere anytime as per the need of the employment. However, it is always advisable to acquire a short term lease in order to escape

Benefits In Achieving Sustainable Water Management Across The Eurozone Essay

Benefits In Achieving Sustainable Water Management Across The Eurozone - Essay Example Many grounds and surface water bodies in EU are yet daunted with high concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen (Bouraoui et al 2014). Following the EC (2012), there exist doubts that many numbers of water bodies in EU may not reach the required objectives of WFD by 2015 (Kafflis & Butler 2001) This essay will analyze how successfully WFD has been in introducing an ecosystem-oriented approach for EUs water resource management and water policy. Availability of water to agricultural sector places heavy pressure on available water bodies and to contain nutrient pollution still plays a significant threat to lakes, surface, transitional and groundwater quality in EU. Earlier, with the introduction of Nitrates Directive 91/676/EEC/1991, EU was able to minimize nitrogen losses from the agricultural sector and after two decades of the existence of such Directive, EU is successful in preventing in its member states, which have agriculture as their dominant industry such as Belgium, the Nether lands, France, etc. Accordingly the European Council (2010), due to the introduction of 1991 Nitrates Directive, there had been a 55% fall in nitrate concentration trends in EU member states. According to Bouraoui and Grizetti (2011), the Urban Waste Water Directive 1991/271/EEC was successful in minimizing the phosphorus losses to water bodies in Europe and also resulted in a lower magnitude of nitrogen losses(Bouraoui et al 2014:1). The WFD observed that with about three-fourths of EUs drinking-water supplies being derived from the groundwater sources, its prime significance is to guarantee the quality of groundwater. Three unique varieties of monitoring are specified to evaluate the quality status of European waters such as surveillance, supervising or monitoring, operational supervising and investigative supervising (Kallis & Butler 2001).

The Life and Influences of Albert Einstein Essay Example for Free

The Life and Influences of Albert Einstein Essay Sometimes in history, ironically, the greatest contributions to society come from the most inconceivable places. Undoubtedly, Albert Einstein contributed not only innovative thought to his time, but also aided in revolutionizing science especially in physics. His efforts, however, would not have been expected by historians if only his childhood was examined. Einstein was born March 14, 1879 to Herman and Pauline Einstein. Albert was the first child born to this young, Jewish couple. After a year, the couple moved to Munich where Einstein would spend the remainder of his childhood (Schulmann, par. 1). Like many children during this time, Einsteins childhood was a normal one, except that to his familys irritation, he learnt to speak at a late age (Schulmann, par. 1). His childhood was fortunate in that he was able to receive a high quality of education. By the age of five he was enrolled in a private school and by six he was receiving a full scale education at Petersschule, a Catholic school in Munich (Schulmann, par. 1). Einstein never shined in school and when attempting to apply to ETH, a school in Zurich, he was turned down because his exam results were insufficient (Schulmann, par. 2). Therefore, Einstein followed the advice of his rector and attended the Kantonsschule in the town of Aarau in order to improve his knowledge (Schulmann, par. 2). The remainder of Einsteins early life was marked by disappointment in that he was rejected from various schools and jobs. In between jobs, Einstein tutored in mathematics and physics and out of this grew Akademie Olympia, an organization devoted to scientific and philosophical questions (Schulmann, par. 3). This organization may have been the major origin for Einsteins transformation from average student to genius (Schulmann, par.3). It is important to understand that Einsteins innovations and theorys came at a time when science and technology was booming. Scientific revolutions were occurring with uncanny frequency in the disciplines of biology, invention, and chemistry due to the devotion of numerous, professional scientists. Charles Darwin, in 1859, wrote Origin of Species a philosophical breakthrough in biology in the theory of evolution. In 1879, the same year as Einsteins birth, Thomas Edison invented the light bulb. Finally, in 1908, Ernest Rutherford received a Nobel Prize for his earlier work on illustrating the atomic nucleus (Scientific Timeline). However, Einsteins innovative theology and contributions to science in quantum mechanics, the relationship between mass and energy, and the principle of equivalence may have advanced science further than anyone. Albert Einstein didnt invent anything. He didnt discover a new planet or star. He didnt produce something faster, bigger, or better (Wishinsky p. 1). He did however, see the world in a new way. He asked new questions about light, energy, space, time, mass, and gravity. He formulated new answers. He made scientists rethink their old theories and see new possibilities (Wishinsky p. 1). Einstein conducted many studies. A few of them are quantum mechanics, the relationship between mass and energy, and the principle of equivalence. Quantum mechanics is defined in Albert Einstein: the Rebel behind Relativity, by Jake Goldberg, as a theory of matter that describes the behavior of subatomic particles based on the idea that they have properties of both waves and particles. A man by the name of Planck researched this idea before Einstein. But, Einstein elaborated more on the idea that energy is emitted and absorbed by objects in tiny chunks called quanta (Goldberg p. 38). In Einsteins first paper that he wrote, he agreed with Plancks ideas (Goldberg p. 38). Einstein said that light is actually made up of quanta whose energy content, or size, depends on the frequency of the light. When the light on the metal was made more intense, the metal was bombarded by more quanta of the same size, none of which had the push to knock out electrons any faster. But when the frequency of the light was increased, bigger quanta were created that could knock out electrons at higher speeds (Goldberg p. 38). Even though, Einstein agreed with Planck, he did surpass him in the end because he was suggesting not only that energy is emitted and absorbed in tiny bundles, but that the light waves themselves are made up of energy bundles (Goldberg p. 39). Another study Einstein performed was the relationship between mass and energy. He discovered that the two are equivalent (Swisher p. 41). However, in the past, scientists had thought energy and mass were separate and had developed separate laws for each. With this new perspective, Einstein reasoned that if a body, a mass of something, gave off energy, then the size of the mass would diminish, according to the amount of energy given off (Swisher p. 43). He thought that this idea would hold true for all forms of energy: heat, light, or electricity. To make a formula, he used E to symbolize energy and again he used c, the constant of light. His formula E/c^2 calculates the amount of energy given off Einstein realized that the reverse is also true, that all mass is equivalent to energy. With this discovery, he was able to calculate the actual amount of conversion with the equation E=mc^2 (Swisher p. 43). A different study he did was discovering the principle of equivalence. He found out that the force of gravity was equivalent to the force produced by acceleration. (Parker p. 19). According to Einstein, there are two way to measure mass. One is the force by which gravity pulls on it the familiar weight here on Earth. The other is the force needed to make it accelerate (Parker p. 19). These two ways are known today as gravitational mass and inertial mass. Einstein reasoned that the mass of a large object such as the Sun would attract the energy in something weightless like light (Parker p. 19). Albert Einstein has been one of the few scientists to totally change mans view of the world (The New Book of Knowledge pg. 104). His face stares out from posters, mugs, and magazine ads-a somber, time-worn face beneath a wild mane of silvery hair. Hes a cartoonists dream-the model for the brilliant but dreamy professor, wrapped in complex thoughts, oblivious to the everyday world. (Heinrichs pg. 4) During the first half of this century Einstein set forth a number of theories about the physical world. These theories dealt with everything from the inside of an atom to the farthest regions of the universe. (The New Book of Knowledge pg. 104) Einsteins theories were created to prove that elements such as gravity, energy, matter, light, space, and time are all related to one another (The New Book of Knowledge pg. 104). Einstein worked out his theories in the laboratory of his mind. He had to use the most advanced kinds of mathematics to describe his ideas. These theories were so unusual and complicated the very few scientists could understand them at first. (The New Book of Knowledge pg. 104) After years of tests, experiments, and observations on Albert Einsteins theories, they were proven to be accurate (The New Book of Knowledge pg. 104). The theories not only explained what was already known, but they allowed scientists to predict what would happen. (The New Book of Knowledge pg. 104) One of the scientists efforts dealt with quantum mechanics. It aggravated Einstein that he could not figure out why light sometimes behaves like a particle and sometimes like a wave. Other scientists devised some answers to the particle-wave question and moved ahead to develop the field of quantum mechanics. One of the basic ideas was the uncertainty principle-the idea that one could never predict when an atom would release a quantum of light. Einstein could never accept this. I cannot believe that God would choose to play dice with the Universe, was his now-famous comment (Heinrichs pg. 29). As the years pass, scientists have used quantum mechanics to invent many advanced inventions (Heinrichs pg. 29). Einstein for instance had shown that light could be amplified. Further research in quantum mechanics produced the laser, a name that stands for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. Now lasers have thousands of practical uses in medicine and industry (Heinrichs pg. 29). Another one of Albert Einsteins most famous efforts is the popular equation of E=mc^2 (Heinrichs pg. 6). This equation means that energy equals mass times the speed of light squared. Basically, it explains that physical material can be transformed into energy. This principle led to the splitting of the atom, which ushered in the nuclear age. (Heinrichs pg. 6). This effort especially had a huge affect on the world. This discovery led to the makings of nuclear weapons, the atomic bomb, during World War II. On the other hand, Einsteins most well-known effort, that has probably had the biggest affect on science and the world, is his theory of relativity (Heinrichs pg. 6). Its the notion that space and time are not firm, fixed, and unchanging, but relative-swelling and shrinking with ones point of view. (Heinrichs pg. 6) There have been two different theories of relativity. Both have had big influences on science (Parker pg. 26). Special relativity was accepted in a few years. It was in the mainstream of scientific events, and it answered questions that scientists were asking. And it had many uses in the main areas of research being carried out at that time, such as nuclear physics and quantum mechanics. (Parker pg. 26). Also, it is an everyday tool for physicists working on the makeup of matter and the forces that bind it together. (Parker pg. 26). Einstein continued research for laws of the universe until the end (Freeman, pg. 106). It will be many years before all his ideas can be followed through. But like Copernicus and Isaac Newton, he forced men to re-examine their world. Directly or indirectly, Einstein has already influenced many areas of the modern world-science, art, philosophy. (Freeman, pg. 106) Albert Einstein has become a popular figure throughout the years, even though only few people understand his works (Heinrichs pg. 4). His discoveries opened the door to the development of television, lasers, transistors, computer chips, nuclear power, and space exploration. (Heinrichs pg. 4) Also, Albert Einstein encouraged many people to exercise their imagination. Imagination, he once said, is more important than knowledge, knowledge is limited. Imagination encircles the world. (Heinrichs pg. 5) Thanks to Einstein, science fiction took off in fantastic new directions. His theories paved the way for what-if? scenarios about time travel, time warps, black holes, and voyages to distant galaxies. (Heinrichs pg. 5) Einstein was one of our greatest geniuses, period according to Bran Ferren the cochairman and chief creative officer of Applied Minds in his statement in the September 2004 Discover, this declaration is extremely clairvoyant in its praise for Einstein; but, even geniuses make statements and errors that can send waves of controversy through the discipline. Einstein was not immune to making errors or falsifying research as was most noted in his attempts to prove a paralyzed universe. According to Karen Hunt of Discover In 1916 Einstein what he considered a glitch in his new theory of general relativity (Wright 2004, 50). Instead of attempting to revise his newly presented theory he allowed pride to taint his new findings. To account for these new findings Einstein So he invented a fudge factor, called lambda, that could function mathematically to hold the universe at a standstill (Wright 2004, 50). Einstein himself admitted that lambda was a fudge factor when he said in regards to the constant was not justified by our actual knowledge of gravitation (Wright 2004, 50). Albert Einstein is often attributed to quantum mechanics and few realize the science made more steps in his attempts to disprove it. In the 1920s quantum mechanics became the rage, and it advanced by leaps and bounds, thanks in large part to Einsteins persistent efforts to discredit it (Wright 2004, 53) As the theory progressed one would assume Einstein would begin to support the theory he indirectly helped prove, but Einstein was never one to follow the normal. He was quoted as saying The more success quantum theory enjoys, the sillier it looks (Wright 2004, 53). Einstein never gave his acceptance of the quantum theory but finally shifted focus to other things such as the unified theory. Although Einstein made many mistakes and even falsified data it was but to prove that he was human. Even in his errors he often made many discoveries and spurred on further research and investigation. In his opposition he would often be the primary contributor to the discovery as in the quantum theory. Even when Einstein was wrong, in many ways he was still right and scientist today still envy his ingenious mistakes Most scientist would give their eyeteeth to make even one of Einsteins mistake (Wright 2004, 50) according to theoretical physicist Fred Goldhaber. Who could possibly be such a mortal scientist yet possess the gift to be inspiring in his errors and revolutionary in his theories. Truly Albert Einstein was a remarkable scientist whose contributions to the scientific world continue to revolutionize the way we think. Einstein, although not a renowned inventor, has influenced many modern day inventions including: smoke detectors, x-rays, GPS, roads, computer monitors, fiber optic cable, and many pharmaceuticals just to name a few (Bodanis 2004, 32). His theory of relativity stretched much farther then just the scientific realm according to Walter Isaacson when he wrote Einsteins theory of relativity not only reshaped physics, it also jangled the underpinnings of society (Isaacon 2004, 14). Albert Einstein contributed so much to the scientific realms but he has influenced our society with his image being associated with the term genius and his name being forever engraved into history. His examples of abstract thinking, unmovable resolve, learning from mistakes, and his desire for knowledge produce a near perfect formula for a revolutionary. References Bodanis, David. Tinker, Thinker, Inventor of the Modern World. Discover Sept. 2004: 32-35. Goldberg, Jake. Albert Einstein. Danbury, Connecticut: Franklin Watts, 1996. Isaacson, Walter. No Mere Genius. Discover Sept. 2004: 12-14.

Obama’s Appeal to Ethos is Strengthened by His Appeal to Pathos Essays

Senator Barack Obama came to Germany to speak to the people of Berlin about the deep and enduring bonds Germany and America have with one another. Senator Obama’s speech was to use ethos and pathos to electrify and to motive hope to the audience. In Obama’s speech, presidential candidate Obama’s appeal to ethos is strengthened/ weakened by his appeal to pathos. To start, at that time Obama was not yet elected for presidency, his speech was for an effect to inspire the people of Berlin. Obama gave his speech as an attempt to the audience to see him as an astute senator, but to see him honorable to be the next president. Obama used ethos in his speech such as, â€Å"Both views miss the truth: that Europeans today are bearing new burdens and taking more responsibility in critical parts of the world; and that just as American bases built in the last century still help to defend the security of this continent, so does our country still sacrifice greatly for freedom around the globe.† (Obama, 24). In this sentence Obama uses ethos to inspire the Berlin people and to bring to them the truth that had happened, to walk down memory lane and to see how much the Berlin people all have progressed. Senator Obama also points out how much the United States has helped out in the past and even continues help in the future. â€Å"They cut off food and supplies to more than two million Germans in an effort to extinguish the last flame of freedom in Berlin†¦, The size of our forces was no match for the larger Soviet Army†¦, when the largest and most unlikely rescue in the history brought food and hope to the people of this city.† (Obama, 7-8). As an attempt Obama had mentioned this along with many more examples was to seem trustworthy to the people of Berlin. Ob... ... look awful to a country which gave aid when that country could least afford it. It is better to recognize the bravery and the heartwarming help of kindness America has given to many countries at that time and till this day. In the end, Obama’s speech had more pathos than ethos. In the beginning it seems that Obama was using ethos as equally as pathos. But, Pathos is more used than ethos, because of the emotion grabbing sentences Obama uses to grab the audience and to manipulate it. From all the pain the people of Berlin had gone through at that time, Obama wanted to use that reason to move the people of Berlin. Obama’s appeal to ethos is strengthened by his appeal to pathos. Even though, pathos is used more, it does strengthen Obama’s speech. Works Cited Obama, Barack. â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Language Matters. 3rd ed. Debra Frank Dew. Southlake, TX: Fountainhead Press, 2010. Print.

Local Literature Essay

Follow-up or tracer studies have enjoyed popularity in LIS training needs/ assessment analyses over the past 20 years in Africa in studies by scholars such as Anadiran (1988) in Nigeria; Alemna (1991, 1999) and Kisie du (1993) in Ghana; Rosenberg (1989, 1994) in Kenya; Ocholla (2001 and 2005) and Stilwell (2004) in South Africa Rugambwa (1998) and Mammo (2007) in Ethiopia; Aina and Moahi (1999) in Botswana; and Lutwana and Kigongo – Bukenya (2004) in Uganda. Mammo (2007) conducted a study on the status of LIS education in Ethiopia and the perceptions of graduates on the LIS program me. The study revealed that in one university ,the LIS program me changed to Information Systems because of university-wide changes ,while in another university, the LIS curriculum remained the same. Graduates indicated that they were not satisfied with the LIS programme. 2 Lutwana and Kigongo-Bukenya (2004) conducted a study on the appropriateness of the EASLIS (East Africa School of Library and Information Science) curriculum to professional practice in Library and Information Science field in Uganda. The purpose of the study was to establish where graduates worked, what they did, and whether their education met employers’ expectations. It further identified areas of curriculum revision. The study revealed that most graduates were employed in academic institutions, government departments, banks and NGO’s libraries, where they performed various professional activities. The study also revealed that employers complained about the lack of practical skills among the graduates, citing specialization through electives as inadequate . Aina and Moahi (1999) conducted a tracer study of graduates from the Department of Library and Information Studies at the University of Botswana. The aim of the study was to determine the curriculum of the Department of LIS at the University of Botswana. The study revealed that the graduates were employed in traditional library settings. The study also found that their training was relevant to the tasks that they performed, although they advocated the strengthening of the information technology component of the curriculum . Kaijage (n. d. conducted a tracer study on the skills and knowledge of B. Com graduates of the University of Dares Salaam. The study concluded that the knowledge and skills that the graduates obtained from the university were relevant to their jobs. But it also suggested that changes should be made to the program me. There are also many other tracer studies conducted all over the Africa and the rest of the world. In South Africa, Stilwell (2004) conducted a survey of alumni perceptions of thepost graduate ILS (Information and Library Science program me at the University of Natal). Critical issues, such as balancing the human centre approach with IT, were identified. The findings of the study indicated that the program me achieved its outcomes because it prepared alumni well for the work place. Ocholla’s (2001) tracer study of LIS graduates from 1996 -1997 determined whether the skills and attitudes they gained during their training at the University of Zululand applied in their jobs. The results of the study indicate that graduates obtained sufficient knowledge from the degree program me . These examples indicate that tracer studies are generally conducted to find out about the fates of departmental graduates or alumni. They investigate where graduates are, whether they are employed, and employers’ perceptions about the skills and knowledge that LIS graduates have. They are also used to obtain feedback from employed alumni and employers on the relevance of the program me offered by different departments. Like most tracer studies, this study addresses the same questions: Are the graduates employable? Is the curriculum relevant? What are the perceptions of graduates and employers about the graduates’ skills, knowledge and education? Local literature At the Palanca literary awards dinner the other Saturday, Mrs. Sylvia Palanca Quirino invited the new Tourism Secretary, Ramon Jimenez Jr. , to be the guest speaker. Jimenez was responsible for coining the latest tourism come-on, â€Å"It’s More Fun in the Philippines. † He talked about literature and how it can help the tourism industry which, as we all know, has yet to be fully exploited. So many countries in our part of the world, particularly Thailand, have reaped millions from the flood of tourists visiting these countries. We get only a trickle, for though we have great possibilities, there is not enough global interest in our country and its attractions. Much of this is due to our own myopia, of our leaders who do not understand or realize the myriad possibilities here if we only know how to use them! Jimenez should produce long-range programs. This is one common fault of government; a new administration takes over and new policies are made no continuity is pursued. Will the slogan, â€Å"It’s More Fun in the Philippines† last only three years from now.? Will it be replaced when a new administration takes over? This is a minor point; will initiatives today be continued in the future? Does the present administration accept the past administration program enough to pursue its good aspects? Will our tourism executives use them? Just consider this: how many visitors go to England, to visit Stratford-on-Avon because they have enjoyed William Shakespeare’s plays. Those tourists clambering up the hills in Greece how many of them are there because they read the Homeric classics? And Spain, which reaps so much from the thousands upon thousands of visitors every year, how many visit that country because they have read Cervantes, and Hemingway’s novel, For Whom the Bell Tolls, and all those gory bullfight scenes in his fiction? Permit me to brag a bit. Once, I brought a busload of expats and some locals to the Ilokos because they wanted to see the setting of the Rosales saga. I was their tour guide. We went to my hometown, Rosales, and showed them two of the old houses which I used as models, and to that rundown barrio called Cabugawan where I was born, then on to Tayug where the Colorum rebelled in 1931, and to the Ilokos to see the old churches and finally to Cabugaw where the saga starts. And then one morning, more than a decade ago, a young man visited my bookshop. He was a schoolteacher in Holland; he had read Mass, the concluding novel in the Rosales saga which was published first in Dutch rather than in the English original. This was his first visit to Asia. Mass had appealed to him so much, he wanted to see its setting. I took him to Forbes Park first, then to Tondo, to Barrio Magsaysay and to Smokey Mountain which was still smoking then. Then we went to the university belt, to Recto and he saw all those young students milling about. And finally, that early evening we visited one of the massage parlors in Quezon City. Our National Hero, Jose Rizal he wrote the greatest Filipino novel why is there no literary tour based on his work and on his life? This literary tour will be more for Filipinos than for foreigners. It will impinge on our youth those virtues so terribly missing now the rectitude, the patriotism all the qualities which Rizal personified. Such a tour, led by a guide steeped in history, could start in the morning with a trip to Calamba, the Rizal house, the lake, and nearby Mt. Makiling. From there, back to Manila, to the Noli geography, the University of Santo Tomas, Binondo then Fort Santiago, the Luneta where Rizal was executed, and finally to Paco Cemetery where he was first buried. It could end with a view of the Manila sunset. Tourism for locals is growing it should be the way it is with Japan where the Japanese themselves are the best tourists in their own country. I told Jimenez to consider the movies. The Koreans are now producing epic historical movies, and those addictive telenovelas which have enthralled so many all over the world. My daughter-in-law, Lee Pai, who teaches history at the University of California at Santa Barbara happened to be visiting. She said those movies and telenovelas are scripted by Korea’s leading writers familiar with the literary classics of the West and East which explains the high quality of the telenovelas unlike the asinine and moronic serials produced by local TV. As evidenced by the Palanca awards, we are never short of literary talent. Why do our movie and TV people ignore them? Movie festivals are a great attraction in Europe and so are book fairs and literature meetings. Singapore has an international literary festival each year, India, too, and the annual Frankfurt Book Fair is one of the biggest attractions in this German city. Just concluded in Korea is the Annual PEN Congress an international meeting of writers. Writers attending this Congress will surely go home and write about Korea, further enlarging the global reach of that prosperous and booming country. Meanwhile, let me continue tossing encomiums at the Palancas for their perseverance, charity and goodwill in supporting the Awards for literature. I knew the founder, Carlos Palanca Jr. , personally he was very charming, debonair, with a wide circle of acquaintances in business and with the culturati. As far back as I can recall, it was the late NVM Gonzalez and Nick Joaquin who suggested to him the creation of the Awards to encourage literary excellence in the country. Sixty-two years three generations! I do not think such an effort has any equal in the region or in all of Asia. The vitality and continuing relevance of such effort requires organizational skills, massive expenditure and vision. It is a wonder to me why, up to now, this massive contribution of the Palancas to our culture and nation has not been publicly recognized. Filipino writers should be grateful to the children of Charlie Palanca who have not neglected their father’s vision. Sylvia Palanca Quirino leads them in plodding on. In the beginning, the awards were only for fiction and poetry in English and Tagalog they now include children’s stories, plays, novels, not just in these two languages but in Cebuano, Ilonggo and Ilokano. At the Awards dinner, Quirino also announced that the Awards will also recognize Filipino achievers. While the Palanca Awards promote creativity, it follows that media, particularly TV, can do so much by using the work of our best writers, as is done in Korea. Publishers can add to what the Palanca Awards have produced create literary sections in newspapers and magazines, publish those new and splendid works. May I also now suggest to Mrs. Socorro Ramos that her National Book Stores all over the country should exhibit in their show windows Filipino books, both fiction and non-fiction? They deserve exposure, a much wider audience. Do all these not because it is patriotic but because these good writers deserve a wider readership in their own country.

Three Shots and Indian Camp

Devin Westfall Professor Peter Faziani English 151 October 15, 2012 Hemingway’s Nick Adams â€Å"Three Shots† and â€Å"Indian Camp† In Hemingway’s Nick Adams â€Å"Three Shots† and â€Å"Indian Camp† Nick goes through some changes in his life. He goes from being scared that someday he must die to feeling quite sure that he will never die. In the short story â€Å"Three Shots† Nick, his father, and his uncle are camping and Nick remembers with shame how he had gotten scared thinking about how he would die one day when he was alone. His father and uncle go fishing after supper leaving Nick all alone at the camp site.He tried to lay still and go to sleep but he couldn’t all he could think about is that someday he must die it started to make him feel quite sick. â€Å"Before they shoved the boat out his father told him that if any emergency came up while they were gone he was to fire three shots with the rifle and they would come right back. † Nick ended up calling his father and uncle by firing three shots up in the air with the rifle his father had left him, this had made his uncle frustrated by thinking that Nick was a coward; his father on the other hand more understands then his uncle.When his father and uncle return his father ask him â€Å"what was it Nickie? † He lies and tells his father that he had heard an animal outside the tent he was too ashamed to tell his father the truth. In the short story â€Å"Indian Camp† Nick accompanies his father, who is a Doctor, and his uncle to an Indian camp, to help a young Indian women she had been trying to give birth to her child for two days due to complications. Nicks father ends up having to perform a caesarian to recover the women’s child. Oh, daddy, can’t you give her something to make her stop screaming? Asked nick† Nick becomes frightened by the women’s screams and does not want to watch his father perform the surgery on the Indian women. Nicks father had been told that the baby’s father had hurt himself in an ax accident a few days before and he goes to take a look at him and finds that the baby’s father had actually killed himself by slitting his throat from one end to another.Nicks father tries to keep him from seeing what had happened to the man but it was too late he had already seen what had happened. Nicks father feels awful for bringing him along and putting him through everything he had seen that day. As they are leaving the camp Nick and his father discuss suicide and death. â€Å"Why did he kill himself, daddy? † Nicks father didn’t know the answer to his question he told him he didn’t know and that maybe it was because he couldn’t stand things, Nick then asks â€Å"is dying, hard daddy? His father tells him no its not and that he thinks it’s pretty easy, Nick then felt quite sure that he would never die. In conclusion Hemin gway’s Nick Adams â€Å"Three Shots† and â€Å"Indian Camp† both change Nick throughout each story in different ways. He goes from being scared of dying someday to feeling quite sure that he would never die. In â€Å"Three Shots† it shows a conflict between nicks immaturity and his realization that all life eventually come to an end. In â€Å"Indian Camp† it shows life and death, Nick is no longer afraid of death.

Mestiza Whitening Soap Essay Essays

Mestiza Whitening Soap Essay Essays Mestiza Whitening Soap Essay Paper Mestiza Whitening Soap Essay Paper Whitening Soap have the distinguishable odor and have normally and orangish colour. Papaya besides contains enzyme that will give our tegument more refreshing. Papaya soap contains three chief ingredients ; papaya infusion. papaia juice. and mush. The three ingredients will be combine during the soap fabrication. Vitamins C and A are extremely concentrated in most papaya fruits. along with beta provitamin A and an enzyme called papain. an enzyme that helps digest proteins. The vitamins in papaia are frequently nurturing for the tegument. particularly for those with defects and cicatrixs. The antioxidants in these vitamins supposedly helps rinse off dead and dry tegument cells really rapidly. advancing the growing of new. healthy tegument. This speedy turnover of skin growing typically helps fade cicatrixs. heal defects. and helps scabbed-over lesions become soft and fictile once more more rapidly. The papain enzyme helps the vitamins in the papaia soap to make their work. in add-on to executing several maps of its ain. Papaya besides helps to maintain the tegument soft. fictile. and new-looking. doing it a popular facial soap. Its exfoliating belongingss promote smooth tegument and may assist take uneven colouring and dark musca volitanss over clip. Some makers advertise really fast topographic point rectification with papaya soap. but papaya entirely will non normally take musca volitanss rapidly. Several months of utilizing the soap may demo consequences in this country. Those with nutrient allergic reactions should read labels closely to do certain they won’t have an inauspicious reaction to their chosen soap. Core benefit of the merchandise: 1. Fade cicatrixs and black discolorationPapaya Soap can acquire rid of cicatrixs as Papaya soap contains Papain which will take sore and injured tegument. Papaya soap can besides be used to extinguish black musca volitanss of the tegument. to melt cicatrixs. excite the formation of new tegument cells and it should constant usage until the skin return to normal. 2. Get the better of the job of acne Acne arises normally caused by cell exfoliation of dead tegument cells that clog the pores of the tegument. This resulted in the formation of dead tegument cells and when met with inordinate oil production will do cases of causes acne. Therefore. Papaya soap act efficaciously to skin the dead tegument cells so that acne will non popup. and at the same clip it will take the cicatrixs of acne overtime. 3. Whitening and Skin Whitening Equipped with Cocoa infusion to soften new tegument cells. soap besides contains papaya enzyme papain to renew new tegument cells. With regular application. your tegument will go bright. white. and stain-free. Picture of Location The location of the concern is in 1570 Dela Paz Bldg. Dapitan St. Sampaloc. Manila MeasurementAs we know there’s a batch of Papaya soap that have been produce in market now yearss such as Likas Papaya Soap. Silka Papaya soap. Royale Beauty Kojic Papaya Soap and ECT. So for our Papaya soap trade name name. we choose to utilize MESTISA ( whitening soap ) . We choose this name because as we can see after utilizing this Papaya Soap we can see the differences after utilizing it. Rough tegument. flake tegument. oily skin and so on can go smooth. fresh and the greasy tegument will be lessening after utilizing this papaia soap. So that’s why we choose Pure White and it is besides shows the consumers about the naturality if they used our merchandise. Price ListSmall- P600Big- P800LogoFront position: Back position: This illustration of our merchandise packaging. In forepart of our soap box as we can see there’s our merchandise name Mestiza. which image of miss and Papaya fruit which mean. if we use this soap so our tegument will be look more white and become natural like the miss in the image and the green circle and the star mean is made by 100 % papaia fruit. We besides choose the orange colour because it is show the originality of the papaia fruit. On the top of the packaging the sentence is explicating briefly about our merchandise. â€Å"Bathing your tegument with a new immature beauty MESTIZA ( whitening soap ) . It is made to gently cleanse and profoundly nourish your tegument. go forthing it soft. smooth and refreshed. 100 % derived from the papaia fruit extracts that aid to whiten tegument and smoothens for all kind’s of tegument. † On dorsum of this box client can see the ingredients of our merchandise. The ingredient of our merchandise is Coconut Nucifera. Ricinu sCommunis. Oil. Sodium Hydroxide. Glycerin and another substances that have been allowed. How to utilize this soap: soapsuds in the thenar of our manus. Use on wet face and gently massage. concentrating on brow. nose and chin. Avoid oculus contour countries. in instance of contact with the eyes. rinse instantly. Suitable for day-to-day use. You can utilize it for shower and face. rub down your organic structure 2-3 minute so wash it with H2O. And as we see there’s â€Å"Halal† logo. this merchandise can be used for any people ( can be used whether Muslim and non-muslim ) . We besides put our company logo at that place which the blue circle means that our merchandise will be sell around the universe and the good mark is client will satisfied and will non let down about our merchandise. Benefit of this merchandise 1. Papaya Soap for Dark Spots and Skin Whitening As we know. papaya soap is rather celebrated because of its can do our tegument lightening. Using these papaya soap. dark musca volitanss will vanish in merely a few hebdomads. It can minimise the body’s production of melanin which is the chief cause of the blackening of our tegument. Papaya soap non merely buoy up your skin’s skin color but more significantly is evens it out so that you don’t have dark countries in your face. dark underarms or cubituss and minimise the stain caused by cicatrixs. 2. Papaya Soap for Acne and Skin Exfoliation As you use papaya soap. the papaia enzyme that’s a natural substance found in the papaia fruit. promotes the remotion of dead tegument. Dean tegument can dry up your tegument go forthing it antsy and unsmooth. Skin exfoliation is besides of import so that no other elements like soil and dust atoms are trapped in your tegument which can do hickeies and comedos. Through day-to-day usage of papaia soap. Acne and cicatrixs will be minimized and you’ll exfoliate your tegument doing it softer. whiter and pimple free. 3. Leaves your Skin Healthy and Smooth One of the marks of an unhealthy tegument is dryness. If you are rubing frequently or have noticed cracked on tegument spots. so you may already hold dry tegument. Papaya soap is one of the more effectual interventions to dry tegument as it rejuvenates the tegument. 4. Papaya Soap Heals Acne and Pimple Scars Since Papaya soap chiefly flake the tegument. it can unclog pores that have been backed up by dead tegument cells and over production of sebum. the natural oil that our tegument secretes. Pimples appear when dead tegument and sebum are non instantly washed off. This is why. we should regular usage of papaia soap. acne can be avoided and you can forestall any jailbreaks of those abashing roseolas and hickeies. 5. Reliefs Pain from Insect Bites A fact about the papaia enzyme is that it can breakdown proteins and the toxins left by an insect bite. Rinsing and rinsing a bug bite and stings with papaya soap and H2O can alleviate the hurting and itchiness. This can be a really welcome thought particularly if medical picks are unavailable. Assortment of the merchandise line 1. Shapes We merely do our merchandise into rectangle form. This is because if we make it like that it will be easy to keep and can be divides by for easy usage if needed. depending on client convenience. 2. Color We used orange as our primary colour for our merchandise because it will shows the originality of merchandise that it has been made of 100 % from the fruit itself. Plus. we besides make it orange to do certain clients are non confused. If we make our soap from papaia. we should seek to do the merchandise precisely the same colour as the fruit. otherwise the clients will non even bother purchasing it. 3. Aroma and Spirit The aroma and spirits of class. we used the papaya’s natural ingredient to do our soap. non merely for facial usage but at the same clip for aromatherapy. The clients will experience relax and refresh after each usage of our merchandise. Target market/customer for the decorative merchandise Our mark market is work forces and adult females between 18-30 who are still pupils or recent alumnus. They are most likely the mark group who truly wanted to care of their visual aspect. They are energetic. like traveling out with their friends and wanted to look elegant in the populace. We besides focus on a adult female who already married with an age between 30-50. Even though they are married. they truly wanted to look beautiful for their hubby. Young work forces and adult females who are still a pupil are truly focused on analyzing and most of them do non hold at least a parttime occupation. They rely on their parents to direct them money. Their budget is limited for nutrient and some other disbursals to cover up. Rather than buy an expensive cosmetics merchandises. they likely turn to some inexpensive merchandises that have the same consequence. Last. we besides focus on clients who have severe acne job. Peoples with acne job tend to avoid traveling out in the populace because there are excessively ashamed of their visual aspect. Erstwhile commercial merchandise does non work at all and some branded goods are expensive. The selling mix/4P application 1. Merchandise Our traditional cosmetics focal point on clients who wanted their facial tegument to be free of black topographic point and expression radiant. They do non necessitate to pass their money on some expensive facial whitening merchandise. Nowadays. adult females are non the lone 1 who worried about visual aspects. even work forces wanted to be beautiful for their ain image. In order to run into customer’s outlook. we introduced merchandise that gives them the same consequence as other expensive decorative merchandises in signifier of a soap that is easy to utilize with merely a inexpensive monetary value. 2. Monetary value The suggested retail monetary value of P60. 00 each which is the cheapest whitening merchandise in market yet. Those who can non afford to buy an expensive decorative merchandise. the clients can turn to this merchandise as an option for their facial jobs. 3. Promotion The publicity facet for this merchandise merely use to publicizing. we make advertisement utilizing cyberspace. posting sites and newspapers. Other promotional methods include gross revenues publicities. direct mail. and presentation. In supervising the product’s success. we will offer a particular publicity for the merchandises before incorporating it into normal stock list. 4. Topographic point Our merchandises will be most likely to be sold in topographic point where other cosmetics merchandises are sold. but we will besides set the merchandise in a supermarket of food market shop. This manner the client would non hold the job to purchase the merchandise because it is easy to happen. Most of facial merchandise or cosmetics merchandise have the same intent. and that is to be used by clients and addition net income from it. The companies or certain organisation claiming that their merchandise is better that the others and frailty versa. At the terminal of the twenty-four hours. clients are the lone people who will make up ones mind which merchandise is better. Customers presents like cosmetics merchandise that will demo the consequence faster. So. it will be natural that the clients will seek to avail assortment among the different trade names. which is the ground why different trade names or merchandises give price reductions and launch new material. Brand Decision procedure depends on economic position such that if a purchaser knew about any decorative merchandises in less monetary value and more benefits so decidedly he or she will devour it. therefore our merchandise offer more benefits in sensible monetary value for consumer to do a favourable determination. Consumers search for goods that fulfill their demands and enrich their lives. Our merchandises go beyond bringing of a trade good or service ; they pursue the development of a long term profitable relationship with their clients. Customers will purchase our merchandise chiefly because of three factors aroma. bundle and ingredients. Computation ( Income Statement ) Mention1. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. stylecraze. com/articles/benefits-of-papaya-for-skin-and-hair/ 2. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. sabunpepaya. net/3. hypertext transfer protocol: //khasiatdaunpepaya. blogspot. com/2013/05/manfaat-sabun-pepaya-untuk-kecantikan. html 4. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ehow. com/about_6783990_papaya-soap-skin-whitening. html 5. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. livestrong. com/article/230286-what-are-the-benefits-of-papaya-soap/ 6. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. info. com/papaya % 20soap? cb=63 A ; cmp=2884

The Ancient Calendar

The Ancient Calendar Be quiet! The Roman calendar is the most perfect yet devised. It has twelve months.Except when it has thirteen, as this year.And all of these months have either thirty-one or twenty-nine days.Except Februarius, which has twenty-eight. Only this year, according to you, it has only twenty-four.~ Steven Saylor Murder on the Appian Way, p. 191. Early farmers couldnt simply look at a wall calendar to see how many days until the last frost date. However, knowing there were approximately 12 moon cycles between one spring and the next, they could calculate how many lunar phases remained before planting season. Thus was born the concept of the 354 day lunar calendar, a concept eternally at odds with the approximately 365.25 day solar year. Blending time derived from the motions of the rotating earth, the earth revolving around the sun, and the moons passage as the earths satellite is hard enough, but the Mayans had 17 cosmological calendars, some of which go back ten million years and require the services of astronomers, astrologers, geologists, and mathematicians to figure out. Introduction to Mayan Calendar Terminology provides simplified information on some of the cycles and glyphs used in the Mayan calendars.~ From Mayan Calendar Terminology (1) The position the planets is vital to many calendars. At least once, on March 5, 1953 B.C. at the beginning of Chinese calendar time all the planets, the sun and the moon were in alignment.~ Source (2) Even our calendar system calls on this relationship with the planets. Names for the days of the week (although the Teutonic Woden, Tiw, Thor, and Frigg have replaced the Roman names for deities of related prowess) refer to various celestial bodies. Our 7-day week began under Augustus. [See table below.] According to Calendars and Their History, calendars permit us to plan our farming, hunting, and migrating activities. They may also be used for prediction and to establish dates for religious and civic events. However accurate we might try to make them, calendars should be judged not by their scientific sophistication, but by how well they serve social needs.~ From Calendars and Their History (3) Calendar Reform disagrees. Its author thinks its high time for reform. Our Gregorian calendar, adopted in 1751 by an act of Parliament, uses basically the same months Julius Caesar established 2 millennia ago, in 45 B.C.~ From Calendar Reform (4) Julian Calendar Reform Caesar faced an unreliable lunar calendar system based on a distrust of even numbers. The original first month, Martius, had 31 days, as did Maius, Quinctilis (later renamed Julius), October, and December. All the other months had 29 days, except the last month of the year, which was allowed to be unlucky with only 28 days. (The Aztecs, too, considered certain days of their xihutl calendar to be unlucky.) Finding, over time, that their calendar didnt correspond with the seasons of the solar year, the Romans, like the Hebrews and Sumerians, intercalated an extra month whenever the College of Pontiffs deemed it necessary (as in the passage from Murder on the Appian Way). Caesar turned to Egypt for guidance with the difficult Roman calendar. The Ancient Egyptians predicted the annual Nile flooding on the basis of the appearance of the star Sirius. The period between was 365.25 days less than an hour wrong in five years. So, abandoning the Roman lunar calendar, Caesar set alternating months of 31 and 30 days with February having only 29 days except every fourth year when February 23 was repeated.~ Source (5) Why the 23d? Because the Romans didnt yet count from the beginning of the month, but from before it. They counted how many days before the Nones, Ides, and Kalends of each month. February 23 was counted as six days before the kalends of March the old beginning of the year. When it was repeated, it was referred to as bi-sextile. What Was the Format of the Roman Fasti Calendar? Gregorian Calendar Reform Pope Gregory XIIIs major changes were algorithms to calculate movable feasts and a new system of leap years that got rid of leap years in years that are divisible by 100 but not 400. Pope Gregory also deleted ten days from the 1592 calendar year in order to accommodate a shift in the equinox. When Did We Switch From the Roman Fasti Calendar to the Modern? A variety of calendars culminate around the year 2000. Calendar Convergence shows the common end of calendar cycles from the Hopi, the Ancient Greeks, the Early Egyptian Christians, the Mayan, and the Indian Vedic tradition. Planets Alignments in 2000 shows an alignment of the seven planets on May 5, 2000.~ From Calendar Convergence (6) and Planets Alignments (7) U. Glessmer. The Otot-Texts (4Q319) and the Problem of Intercalations in the Context of the 364-Day Calendar in:Qumranstudien: Vortraege und Beitraege der Teilnehmer des Qumranseminars auf dem internationalen Treffen der Society of Biblical Lit., Muenster, 25-26. Juli 1993 [Hans-Peter Mueller zum 60. Geburtstag]. Schriften des Institutum Judaicum Delitzschianum; Bd. 4. Ed. H.J. Fabry et al. Goettingen 1996, 125-164.~ From ANE discussion (8) References ([URL www.resonate.com/places/writings/mayan/calendar.htm ])([URL iNsci14.ucsd.edu/~fillmore/blurbs/calendars1.html ])([URL www.spiritweb.org/Spirit/mayan-calendar.html ])([URL www.webcom.com/tsh/ngs/ca/day1.html ])([URL astro.nmsu.edu/~lhuber/leaphist.html ])([URL ECUVAX.CIS.ECU.EDU/~PYMCCART/CALENDAR-REFORM.HTML ])([URL www.pcug.org.au/~dfry/calendar.html ])([URL physics.nist.gov/GenInt/Time/ancient.html ])([URL www.mm2000.nu/sphinxd.html ])([URL www.griffithobs.org/SkyAlignments.html ])([URL www-oi.uchicago.edu/OI/ANE/OI_ANE.html ]) Table of the Days of the Week dies Solis Sun day Sunday domenica (Italian) dies Lunae Moon day Monday luned dies Martis Marss day Tiws day Tuesday marted dies Mercurii Mercurys day Wodens day Wednesday mercoled dies Jovis Jupiters day Thors Day Thursday gioved dies Veneris Venuss day Friggs day Friday venerd dies Saturni Saturns day Saturday sabato    Related Resources Julius Caesar Calendars Maya Calendar Round Intercalation Gregorian Calendar Julian Calendar

Business Question3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business Question3 - Essay Example Such managers are successful as long as everybody agrees with them. Perseverance and care a necessary ingredient in successful management because not everybody gets along well with others some people are controversial and are still part of the team. Terminal convictions about long-term goals and achievement make managers successful too, (Johnes and George 2002). Managers do get much satisfaction from their jobs and they get too committed to their organizations. Salary, wages and conditions of service foster enthusiasm in managers. Monetary rewards also foster enthusiasm to the job, Fredrick Taylor proved it in his experiments in 1911. (Jones and George 2002) Information and communication is another contributor to job satisfaction. Managers get too committed to their organizations to keep membership of such organizations need for association with successful companies, the willingness to exert high levels of efforts for better results such as Frazier’s Merck CEO, and the belief and acceptability of goals of an organization. Need for power makes managers work hard and get too committed to organizations they want to have control and influence. Frazier is open to experience, he is daring and takes risks, he handled litigation cases when Mark pulled the drug vioxx from the market and thousands of plaintiffs filed suits against Mark. Frazier chose to fight each case to the verdict and saved the company billions of dollars winning 11 out of 16 lawsuits. Frazier is a performer he believes in immediate results he has won tough litigation cases such as the famous murder case for the Alabama man who spent two decades on death row .He is visionary he wanted to become a lawyer and his friend Cobb recalls Frazier telling him he was not happy until Harvard’s admission letter arrives even though he had received letters from other prestigious universities. Frazier is Conscientious, careful and

Llean Implementation Using VSM and Simulation Assignment

Llean Implementation Using VSM and Simulation - Assignment Example Thus, this report will be an attempt towards depicting the use of the Lean manufacturing technique for optimizing the supply chain of ACW. Technology drives industry. This is true for industrial sectors especially those belonging to the developed economies of the world. Until the last decade, industries in the United States and Europe (which were some of the most heavily industrialized countries of the world) were so heavily dependent on technological Research & development so much so that a major chunk of companies' budget used to be allocated exclusively for R&D purposes. But, the most glaring phenomenon was that there were no research initiatives in the direction of management let alone waste management. Here waste must not be confused with physical waste, as the following sections will go on to depict. It was not until two decades ago that manufacturing industries realized their folly. They had learnt an important lesson from their fellow counterparts in Japan who had successfully implemented & popularized the use of "Just in Time" policies. The "Just in Time" policy was a conglomeration or in other words, a fusion of the concepts of mass production and scientific management methodologies. ... With the passage of time, the concept of lean manufacturing has gained immense popularity with its varied application in fields ranging from mass production to the services industry. Thus, lean methodologies have been successfully implemented in many disciplines.If one were to look down at history towards various sectors of the industry, it can be understood as to how lean principle have come into being. The roots of lean come from the word-CUTTHROAT COMPETITION. Since the 1970s, regardless of the nature or the services provided by the industry, the emphasis is laid more on how fast can the final product be delivered with optimum quality. If one were to look at Dell's strategy, it would be imperative that dell manufactures custom desktops in less than a week so as to remain a step ahead of its competitors. FedEx has been known to deliver packages within a day and this is the reason for the company's huge customer base and its dominance in the courier industry. Thus, their main strate gy is to think on the basis of adding value to the supply chain, which in managerial jargon, would be known as Lean thinking. Under the lean strategy, the industry strives to identify critical elements connected to the industry that add value to the product along with minimizing the production time.The same is the case with the company that is under focus as far as this report is concerned. The company here is called ACW that is based in Tonypandy. The main objective of this report would be to analyze the current state of workflow using some popular methods under the lean manufacturing techniques and thereupon propose further strategies and changes in order to optimize the work processes further. But before that, a major